Pulmonary
- dyspnea
- physical signs : tachypnea, tachycardia, ํธํก๋ณด์กฐ๊ทผ ์ฌ์ฉ, hypercapnia๋ก depressed consciousness, paradoxical abd wall movement
- wheezing, dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, leg edema
- hypoxemia = ํ์ก ๋ด ์ฐ์ ์ ํ, hypoxia = ์กฐ์ง ๋ด ์ฐ์ ์ ํ
- HF VS pulmonary causes ๊ตฌ๋ถํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์
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- BNP = increase by ventricular overload
- HF, MI, sepsis, pul embolism COPD ์ฒ๋ผ ํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋ pul HTN โ cor pulmonale๋ก ์ฌ์ฅ์ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์๊ธฐ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ์์น
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treatment goal = PaO2 >60, SaO2>90
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ARDS (acute respiratory distress SD)
- high flow โ intubation ๊ณ ๋ ค
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atrovent, mucomyst nebulizer, cortisol, anti

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hypercapnia
- PaCO2>45, RR ๊ฐ์
- intracranial pressure ์ฆ๊ฐ, headache, confusion, lethargy, seizure, coma, cardiovascular collapse
- PaCO2 10 = HCO3 1 ์ฆ๊ฐํด compensate
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treatment = RR, volume ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๊ธฐ / O2๋ sat 88-92 target์ผ๋ก ๊ณผํ๊ฒ ์ฃผ์ง๋ ์๊ธฐ(RR ๊ฐ์ํด๋ฒ๋ฆผ) = high flow ๋ฌ๊ธฐ, 60L ๋ก volume๋ง ์ต๋์น๋ก, 60L/40% / nasal prong 1-2L
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hyperventilation
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๊ณผํธํก์ ์ํด PCO2 ๊ฐ์, ์๋ฐ ์ ๋ฆผ ์ฆ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ
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cyanosis
- central = mucous menb and tongue - by hypoxemia, pul problem, abnormal Hb โ sat ๊ฐ์(abnormal Hb ์ normal)
- peripheral = finger or extremities - by vasoconstriction, decreased circulation โ sat normal

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O2 apply โ ํจ๊ณผ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, impaired circulation(shock), abnormal Hb, pseudocyasnosis(by drug) ์๋ฏธ
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wheezing VS stridor in dyspnea
|
wheezing |
stridor |
| I/E |
expiration ํธ๊ธฐ ์ |
inspiration ํก๊ธฐ ์ |
| location |
lower airway |
upper airway(epiglottitis ๋ฑ) |
wheezing ์ด ๋ค๋ฆฌ๋ dyspnea ํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
โ pul hx. (COPD, asthma) ์๋ค = nebulizer(SABA)๋ก ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง ํ์ฅ ์์ผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ, cortisol** ๋ก ํญ์ผ์ฆ
** (respiratory acidosis๋ก CO2 retention ์์ผ๋ฉด high volume O2 ๋ก ๋นผ์ฃผ๊ธฐ)
- wheezing ์์ผ๋ฉด, COPD(steroid) asthma(SABA) exacerbation ์๋ ์ํ
โ cardiogenic ์ผ๋ก HTN, HF ์๋ค = Lasix

- Pneumothorax
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๊ธฐํ ์ฐ์ ํก์ ๋์๋๊ฒ O2 nasal ๋ก 4L(3-10L) ์ ๋ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ, ctd insertion ์ํด cs ์ฐ๊ฒฐ
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PTE ** โ ์ํ๊ธฐ๋ด๊ณผ, DVT ์ธ๊ณผ**
- Mcconnellโs sign **
= echo ์, RV enlargement, akinesia of mid free wall, apex of RV ๋ถ์๋ง ํ๋ฑํ๋ฑ
**= D shape ์ pul HTN ์์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๋ฉฐ, ์์ ์๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ specific to PTE
= LV RV ๊ตฌ๋ถ์ ์ํ์๊ฐ ์ ์๊ฒ ์ง๋ง, mitral valve(LV)๊ฐ tricuspid valve์ ๋นํด ๋ ์์ ์์น
- ECG (rt axis deviation, RV hypertrophy)
= S1Q2T3 pattern : lead 1 deep s, lead 3 Q&T wave inversion(RV overload)
= sinus tachycardia + T wave inversion(V1-4)
- D-dimer โ CT, CT angiography โ lung scan โ venous us
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dyspnea +, but CXR only cardiomegaly โ embolism ์์ฌ
โ v/s stable ์ anticoagulant(LMWH) โ IVC filter(์ถํ ์ํ์ฑ)
โ v/s unstable ์ tPA โ embolectomy

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FiO2, PAO2
- FiO2 : ๋งค ํธํก์ ํฌํจ๋ ์ฐ์์ ํผ์ผํธ
- PAO2 : ํํฌ ์ฐ์ ๋๋
- Five Times Rule : PAO2 = FIO2 x 5
(room air 20% - 100 / 40% - 200 / 60% - 300 / 80% - 400 / 100% - 500)
- capnography : CO2 of end of the expiration phase(EtCO2)
- pulse oximetry : ์๊ฐ๋ฝ์ผ๋ก Saturation of Hb with O2
(92% ๋ฏธ๋ง์ผ๋ก ๋จ์ด์ง๋ฉด arterial O2 content ๊ธ๊ฒฉํ ๊ฐ์)


- acute bronchitis
- 5์ผ ์ด์ ์ง์๋๋ ๊ธฐ์นจ(๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ upper, ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง์ผ์ ์กฐ๊ธ ๋ ์๋์ธ bronchi์์ infection)
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์ฃผ๋ก self limited โ ์ฆ์ ์ํ์ฉ์ผ๋ก ๊ธฐ์นจ, ๊ฐ๋์ฝ ์ ๋๋ง ์ค๋ ๋จ
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common cold
- influenza A,B = oral oseltamivir(tamiflu), inhaled zanamivir, IV peramivir
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peramivir(ํ๋ผ๋ฏธ)2V + ns mix IV ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ฉด ํด์์ฝ ํ์์์ / ์ฃผ์ฌ ์๋ง์ผ๋ฉด ํด์์ฝ tamiflu PO
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pneumonia
- infection of alveolar portion of the lung
- cough, sputum, dyspnea, fever fatigue, pleuritic chest pain
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extrapul sx ์ผ๋ก hematuria(Legionella), rash(Mycoplasma์ maculopapular rash or urticaria)๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ
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Hemoptysis
- lt lung ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, Fogarty catheter ํฌ๊ฐํฐ ์นดํ
ํฐ๋ฅผ ์ผ์ชฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฃ์ด ํ์ or ET tube ๊ทธ๋๋ก ๋ ๊น์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฃ์ผ๋ฉด ์์ฐ์ค๋ฝ๊ฒ rt bronchi ๋ก ๋ค์ด๊ฐ airway ํ๋ณด๋จ or lt lat decubitus ๋ก ์ผ์ชฝ์ด ์๋๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฒ ๋๊ธฐ
- rt = ์งง๊ณ ์ํ์ ๊ฐ๊น๊ณ / lt = ๊ธธ๊ณ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ ํฌ๋ค
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massive hemoptysis ๊ธฐ์ค = ์๊ฐ๋น ์ข
์ด์ปต ๋ฐ์ปต์ด์์(100ml), ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ข
์ด์ปต ํ ์ปต ์ด์์(200ml)

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lung empyema (empyema, abscess ์์ ์์์ ์ ์ฌ)
- split pleural sign์ผ๋ก visceral, parietal pleura ๋ถ๋ฆฌ๋๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ pleural cavity ์ pus
- compression of involved lung
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regular, thin wall
โ early tube drainage, anti
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lung abscess
- lung parenchyme destruction์ผ๋ก localized suppuration(ํ ์ค์ง ๋ด๋ถ์ ์์น)
- air - fluid level (์๋๋ ๋, ์์๋ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ง ์ฐ๊ฒฐ๋์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ฐธ)
- irregular, round, thick walled cavity
โ postural drainage, prolonged anti
Enhance lung CT : ํ๊ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ถ์ ๋, meta pleural effusion์์ฌ ์ - PTE, hemoptysis
Low dose chest CT - pneumonia, pleural effusion by onco D/dx